材料一 昔武王克商,光有天下,其兄弟之國(guó)者十有五人,姬姓之國(guó)者四十人,皆舉親也?!蹲髠鳌凡牧隙? 這位新皇帝開始將早先在本國(guó)取得輝煌成功的法家學(xué)說(shuō)應(yīng)用到全中國(guó)?!瓕V闊的國(guó)土劃分為若干郡縣,每一郡縣都配備一批由中央政府任命,并向中央政府負(fù)責(zé)的官員?!顾蚶锇⒅Z斯《全球通史》(1)材料一、材料二分別反映了中國(guó)古代的哪一政治制度?(4分)(2)上述兩種政治制度有何顯著區(qū)別?(4分)
材料一 社會(huì)大動(dòng)蕩、大變革催生了一場(chǎng)歷時(shí)三百多年之久的跨世紀(jì)大辯論,儒墨爭(zhēng)雄,儒道爭(zhēng)鋒,儒法爭(zhēng)用……展現(xiàn)出無(wú)窮的魅力。這場(chǎng)大辯論,留下了那么多寶貴的思想文化遺產(chǎn),讓我們受益至今?!字刑臁断惹刂T子文化》(1)根據(jù)材料一并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),概括這場(chǎng)歷時(shí)“三百多年之久的世紀(jì)大辯論”發(fā)生的歷史 背景。(4分)
【古代篇】材料一 春秋以前,土地屬于國(guó)家所有。春秋以來(lái),由于鐵農(nóng)具和牛耕的使用和推廣,大量荒地被開墾出來(lái),一些奴隸主將新開墾出來(lái)的田地變成私產(chǎn)并出租……----摘自人教版教材《中國(guó)歷史》(七年級(jí)上冊(cè))(1)面對(duì)上述變化,商鞅在變法時(shí)采取了怎樣的措施?(1分)材料二 元世祖即位之初就發(fā)布詔令:"國(guó)以民為本,民以求食為本,衣食以農(nóng)桑為本?!?--《元史·食貨志》(2)材料中的詔令表明了元世祖治理國(guó)家的什么態(tài)度?(1分)元世祖為此采取了哪些具體的措施?(1分)
材料一 (隋唐開始的)科舉選官制度,使一些本來(lái)無(wú)立錐之地的平民書生,通過(guò)科場(chǎng)也得以晉身于官僚、貴族的行列,其中包括著一大批極為出色的、有著高度文化素養(yǎng)的政治家和行政管理專家。這樣以來(lái),在社會(huì)的等級(jí)階層之間,也就必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)等級(jí)中的升降、甚至貴賤間的對(duì)流,這種流動(dòng)性同時(shí)為那些原來(lái)既非官僚、也不是地主的人步入官僚隊(duì)伍,提供了可能性?!幾院健对囌摽婆e對(duì)中國(guó)古代政治制度的影響》(1)據(jù)材料一并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),概括科舉制對(duì)中國(guó)古代政治的影響。(4分)
材料一 秦始皇開始將早先在本國(guó)取得輝煌成功的發(fā)家學(xué)說(shuō)應(yīng)用到全中國(guó)……他還通過(guò)統(tǒng)一度量衡和貨幣來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)集中化?!雇蟹蚶锇⒅Z斯《全球通史》(1)秦始皇最先將誰(shuí)的法家學(xué)說(shuō)應(yīng)用到全國(guó)?(1分)材料二 秦漢時(shí)期的中央統(tǒng)治者,為了有效地維護(hù)“大一統(tǒng)”,都對(duì)統(tǒng)治思想進(jìn)行了選擇,用以規(guī)范、整齊全國(guó)上下的思想。——《“大一統(tǒng)”之夢(mèng)》(2)秦漢統(tǒng)治者是如何“規(guī)范、整齊全國(guó)上下的思想”的?(3分)
材料一 孟子認(rèn)為“大丈夫”是人生的最高目標(biāo),從理想人格的意義講,孟子所謂的“大丈夫”具備四種重要的德行,“惻隱之心,人之端也;羞惡之心,又之端也;禪讓之心,禮之端也,是非之心,智之端也.|”全力發(fā)展此“四端”,便會(huì)成為具有浩然之氣的“大丈夫”.-----摘編自《中國(guó)通史》(1)材料一中,孟子認(rèn)為“大丈夫”應(yīng)具備怎樣的道德規(guī)范?結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),簡(jiǎn)述孟子的政治理想.材料二 一位阿拉伯商人記述:兩宋時(shí)期,信用券被廣泛應(yīng)用,富裕商人率先使用印制的紙幣,極大地便利了商品的交換.中國(guó)商人把錢借給別人時(shí)會(huì)寫下借條,借債人則在紙條上用食指和中指畫押.他們主張以信接物,以義為利,市不二價(jià),童叟無(wú)欺,不賣假貨,不賺黑錢,不會(huì)乘人之危而半利.---摘編自《新全球史》(2)據(jù)材料二,概括指出宋代商人具有怎樣的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)?結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),概述宋代商業(yè)繁榮的主要表現(xiàn).
材料一 2016年4月24日,“華光礁1號(hào)沉船特展”在南京博物院開展,吸引了眾多觀眾前來(lái)參觀。“華光礁1號(hào)”是我國(guó)考古工作者在西沙群島的遠(yuǎn)海地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的第一艘古船.該船是一艘南宋商船,800多年前在航行到西沙華光礁時(shí)不幸觸礁沉沒(méi)?!幾?016年4月25日人民網(wǎng)材料二 據(jù)考證,“華光礁1號(hào)”當(dāng)時(shí)是從福建泉州港出發(fā),船貨均為南宋外銷瓷器,最終在西沙群島沉沒(méi)。這意味著,沉船行駛在向西的“海上絲綢之路”航線上,前往東南亞甚至更遠(yuǎn)的地方。專家認(rèn)為,“華光礁1號(hào)”古沉船遺址及出土文物,記載著古代中國(guó)與周邊國(guó)家友好往來(lái)的歷史,標(biāo)志著中國(guó)人開創(chuàng)了“全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化”的先河,促進(jìn)了世界文明的發(fā)展?!幾?016年4月25日中國(guó)新聞網(wǎng)(1)根據(jù)材料寫出這艘“商船”原定的航行路線。(2分)當(dāng)時(shí)這艘船使用的先進(jìn)導(dǎo)航工具應(yīng)該是什么?(2分)(2)結(jié)合圖9與相關(guān)內(nèi)容,指出這艘沉船的出土文物主要是什么物品?(1分)請(qǐng)寫出這些物品的著名產(chǎn)地之一。(1分)當(dāng)時(shí)政府在港口設(shè)立的外貿(mào)管理部門是什么?(2分)(3)材料中的“海上絲調(diào)之路”最早開辟于哪個(gè)朝代?(2分)這條航線的開辟有何重大歷史意義?(2分)
31.閱讀下列材料,回答問(wèn)題。材料一 農(nóng),天下之大本也,民所恃以生也。而民或不務(wù)本而事末,故生不遂?!獫h文帝材料二 世儒不察,以工商為末。妄議抑之。夫工商圣王之所欲來(lái),商又使其愿出于途者,蓋皆本也。——黃宗羲(1)材料一反映了中國(guó)古代哪一重要思想?據(jù)此,西漢統(tǒng)治者采取了哪些措施?(2)材料二中黃宗羲提出了什么主張?應(yīng)如何評(píng)價(jià)這一主張?
材料一 公元l世紀(jì)時(shí),古羅馬博物學(xué)家普林尼在其被譽(yù)為百科全書式的著作《自然史》中把中國(guó)叫做“絲之國(guó)”,古羅馬的貴族都以穿著中國(guó)絲綢為榮。他還說(shuō)中國(guó)出產(chǎn)的鋼很硬,質(zhì)地很好。17世紀(jì)以來(lái),許多歐洲國(guó)家的宮廷和王公貴族更是竟相購(gòu)藏中國(guó)的瓷器、漆器和絲綢、剎繡,甚至不惜重金到中國(guó)定做,運(yùn)回國(guó)內(nèi)珍藏起來(lái)。(l)材料一反映了古絲綢之路對(duì)羅馬上層社會(huì)生活的影響。清指出漢代絲繃之路的起止點(diǎn),并說(shuō)明其開通的重大歷史意義。(4分)
Slowlybut surely, Amy and her grandparents were making progress. Boxes of all sizeswere placed on top of each other throughout the house. Amy’s grandparents hadlived in the house for years and they had collected many things.
YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.
In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (樹干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.
As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北極)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).
Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉機(jī))and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”
Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.
During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南極).Amundsen arrived first.
Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.
When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣賞) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).
Electric cars may seem like a recent invention,but they have been around for years. In the early 1900s, there were ___16___electric cars on the road than gasoline(汽油)cars, because at that time,gasoline was expensive compared with other fuels(燃料), electriccars were more popular.
I often use old clothes that people don’t wearany more to make bags. I opened a small shop in my community and set up awebsite to sell the bags online. Many customers think they are fantastic. Now Iplan to write a new book about ways to use old clothes.